SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Google File System</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Google File System</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Google File System</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">Distributed file system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Google File System</b> (<b>GFS</b> or <b>GoogleFS</b>, not to be confused with the <a href="GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS</a> Linux file system) is a <a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> <a href="Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">distributed file system</a> developed by <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a> to provide efficient, reliable access to data using large clusters of <a href="Commodity_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity hardware">commodity hardware</a>. Google file system was replaced by Colossus in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ma_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>GFS is enhanced for Google's core data storage and usage needs (primarily the <a href="Google_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google (search engine)">search engine</a>), which can generate enormous amounts of data that must be retained; Google File System grew out of an earlier Google effort, "BigFiles", developed by <a href="Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> and <a href="Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> in the early days of Google, while it was still located in <a href="Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>. Files are divided into fixed-size <i>chunks</i> of 64 <a href="Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a>, similar to clusters or sectors in regular file systems, which are only extremely rarely overwritten, or shrunk; files are usually appended to or read. It is also designed and optimized to run on Google's computing clusters, dense nodes which consist of cheap "commodity" computers, which means precautions must be taken against the high failure rate of individual nodes and the subsequent data loss. Other design decisions select for high data <a href="Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughputs</a>, even when it comes at the cost of <a href="Latency_(engineering)#Computer_hardware_and_operating_systems" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>.

</p><p>A GFS cluster consists of multiple nodes. These nodes are divided into two types: one <i>Master</i> node and multiple <i>Chunkservers</i>. Each file is divided into fixed-size chunks. Chunkservers store these chunks. Each chunk is assigned a globally unique 64-bit label by the master node at the time of creation, and logical mappings of files to constituent chunks are maintained. Each chunk is replicated several times throughout the network. At default, it is replicated three times, but this is configurable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Files which are in high demand may have a higher replication factor, while files for which the application client uses strict storage optimizations may be replicated less than three times - in order to cope with quick garbage cleaning policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Master server does not usually store the actual chunks, but rather all the <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> associated with the chunks, such as the tables mapping the 64-bit labels to chunk locations and the files they make up (mapping from files to chunks), the locations of the copies of the chunks, what processes are reading or writing to a particular chunk, or taking a "snapshot" of the chunk pursuant to replicate it (usually at the instigation of the Master server, when, due to node failures, the number of copies of a chunk has fallen beneath the set number). All this metadata is kept current by the Master server periodically receiving updates from each chunk server ("Heart-beat messages").

</p><p>Permissions for modifications are handled by a system of time-limited, expiring "leases", where the Master server grants permission to a process for a finite period of time during which no other process will be granted permission by the Master server to modify the chunk. The modifying chunkserver, which is always the primary chunk holder, then propagates the changes to the chunkservers with the backup copies. The changes are not saved until all chunkservers acknowledge, thus guaranteeing the completion and <a href="Atomicity_(database_systems)" title="Atomicity (database systems)">atomicity</a> of the operation.

</p><p>Programs access the chunks by first querying the Master server for the locations of the desired chunks; if the chunks are not being operated on (i.e. no outstanding leases exist), the Master replies with the locations, and the program then contacts and receives the data from the chunkserver directly (similar to <a href="Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a> and its <a href="Supernode_(networking)" title="Supernode (networking)">supernodes</a>).

</p><p>Unlike most other file systems, GFS is not implemented in the <a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> of an <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, but is instead provided as a <a href="Userspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Userspace">userspace</a> library.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interface">Interface</h2></div>

<p>The Google File System does not provide a <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> interface.<sup id="cite_ref-convo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Files are organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The file operations such as create, delete, open, close, read, write are supported. It supports Record Append which allows multiple clients to append data to the same file concurrently and atomicity is guaranteed.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div>

<p>Deciding from benchmarking results,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when used with relatively small number of servers (15), the file system achieves reading performance comparable to that of a single disk (80–100 MB/s), but has a reduced write performance (30 MB/s), and is relatively slow (5 MB/s) in appending data to existing files. The authors present no results on random seek time. As the master node is not directly involved in data reading (the data are passed from the chunk server directly to the reading client), the read rate increases significantly with the number of chunk servers, achieving 583 MB/s for 342 nodes. Aggregating multiple servers also allows big capacity, while it is somewhat reduced by storing data in three independent locations (to provide redundancy).

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li>

<li><a href="CloudStore" title="CloudStore">CloudStore</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a>, the native file system of <a href="Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a></li>

<li><a href="GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a> IBM's General Parallel File System</li>

<li><a href="GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a> Red Hat's Global File System 2</li>

<li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Apache Hadoop</a> and its "Hadoop Distributed File System" (HDFS), an open source Java product similar to GFS</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">List of Google products</a></li>

<li><a href="MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a></li>

<li><a href="Moose_File_System" title="Moose File System">Moose File System</a></li>

<li><a href="LizardFS" title="LizardFS">LizardFS</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFMa2012" class="citation web cs1">Ma, Eric (2012-11-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systutorials.com/3202/colossus-successor-to-google-file-system-gfs/">"Colossus: Successor to the Google File System (GFS)"</a>. SysTutorials. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412112114/https://www.systutorials.com/3202/colossus-successor-to-google-file-system-gfs/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhemawatGobioffLeung2003_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhemawatGobioffLeung2003">Ghemawat, Gobioff & Leung 2003</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKyriazis2013" class="citation book cs1">Kyriazis, Dimosthenis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mNCeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Data Intensive Storage Services for Cloud Environments</i></a>. IGI Global. p. 13. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781466639355</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-convo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-convo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Kirk_McKusickSean_Quinlan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall Kirk McKusick; Sean Quinlan (August 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1594206">"GFS: Evolution on Fast-forward"</a></span>. <i>ACM Queue</i>. <b>7</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>20. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1594204.1594206">10.1145/1594204.1594206</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGhemawatGobioffLeung2003" class="citation book cs1">Ghemawat, S.; Gobioff, H.; Leung, S. T. (2003). "The Google file system". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/gfs-sosp2003.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles - SOSP '03</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 29. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.125.789">10.1.1.125.789</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F945445.945450">10.1145/945445.945450</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1581137575</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221261373">221261373</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation cs2">"GFS: Evolution on Fast-forward", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1594206"><i>Queue</i></a>, ACM</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2">"Google File System Eval, Part I", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storagemojo.com/google-file-system-eval-part-i/"><i>Storage mojo</i></a></cite>.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="File_systems283" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="File_systems283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br>non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li>

<li><a href="AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li>

<li>BFS

<ul><li><a href="Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li>Byte File System (<a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li>

<li>EFS

<ul><li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li>

<li><a href="HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a>

<ul><li><a href="HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li>

<li>MFS

<ul><li><a href="Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li>

<li><a href="TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li>

<li><a href="NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li>

<li><a href="ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li>

<li>SFS

<ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li>

<li><a href="OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li>

<li><a href="Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li>

<li><a href="SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>specfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li>

<li><a href="EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li>

<li><a href="Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li>

<li><a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li>

<li><a href="Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li>

<li>Links

<li><a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li>

<li><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li>

<li><a href="File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a>

<ul><li><a href="Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li>

<li><a href="GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Google460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Google460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>a subsidiary of <a href="Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Company460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Company</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Brain</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_China" title="Google China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Cloud Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Energy" title="Google Energy">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Crisis_Response" title="Google Crisis Response">Crisis Response</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Health" title="Google Health">Health</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Registry" title="Google Registry">Registry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">DeepMind</a></li>

<li><a href="Fitbit" title="Fitbit">Fitbit</a></li>

<li><a href="ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Jigsaw_(company)" title="Jigsaw (company)">Jigsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Looker_(company)" title="Looker (company)">Looker</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandiant" title="Mandiant">Mandiant</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Security_Operations" title="Google Security Operations">Security Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Owlchemy_Labs" title="Owlchemy Labs">Owlchemy Labs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actifio" title="Actifio">Actifio</a></li>

<li><a href="Adscape" title="Adscape">Adscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Akwan_Information_Technologies" title="Akwan Information Technologies">Akwan Information Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Anvato" title="Anvato">Anvato</a></li>

<li><a href="Apigee" title="Apigee">Apigee</a></li>

<li><a href="BandPage" title="BandPage">BandPage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitium" title="Bitium">Bitium</a></li>

<li><a href="BufferBox" title="BufferBox">BufferBox</a></li>

<li><a href="Crashlytics" title="Crashlytics">Crashlytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Dodgeball_(service)" title="Dodgeball (service)">Dodgeball</a></li>

<li><a href="DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li>

<li><a href="Dropcam" title="Dropcam">Dropcam</a></li>

<li><a href="Endoxon" title="Endoxon">Endoxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Flutter_(American_company)" title="Flutter (American company)">Flutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_IP_Solutions" title="Global IP Solutions">Global IP Solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Throttle_Games" title="Green Throttle Games">Green Throttle Games</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenBorder" title="GreenBorder">GreenBorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Gridcentric" title="Gridcentric">Gridcentric</a></li>

<li><a href="ImageAmerica" title="ImageAmerica">ImageAmerica</a></li>

<li><a href="Impermium" title="Impermium">Impermium</a></li>

<li><a href="Invite_Media" title="Invite Media">Invite Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaltix" title="Kaltix">Kaltix</a></li>

<li><a href="Marratech" title="Marratech">Marratech</a></li>

<li><a href="Meebo" title="Meebo">Meebo</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaweb" title="Metaweb">Metaweb</a></li>

<li><a href="Neotonic_Software" title="Neotonic Software">Neotonic Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Neverware" title="Neverware">Neverware</a></li>

<li><a href="Nik_Software" title="Nik Software">Nik Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbitera" title="Orbitera">Orbitera</a></li>

<li><a href="Quest_Visual" title="Quest Visual">Quest Visual</a></li>

<li><a href="Reqwireless" title="Reqwireless">Reqwireless</a></li>

<li><a href="RightsFlow" title="RightsFlow">RightsFlow</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidewalk_Labs" title="Sidewalk Labs">Sidewalk Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="SlickLogin" title="SlickLogin">SlickLogin</a></li>

<li><a href="Titan_Aerospace" title="Titan Aerospace">Titan Aerospace</a></li>

<li><a href="Typhoon_Studios" title="Typhoon Studios">Typhoon Studios</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_Engines" title="Urban Engines">Urban Engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicarious_(company)" title="Vicarious (company)">Vicarious</a></li>

<li><a href="Viewdle" title="Viewdle">Viewdle</a></li>

<li><a href="Wavii" title="Wavii">Wavii</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildfire_Interactive" title="Wildfire Interactive">Wildfire Interactive</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Next_Lab_and_Audience_Development_Group" title="YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group">YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Business_Groups" title="Google Business Groups">Business Groups</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="IBM/Google_Cloud_Computing_University_Initiative" title="IBM/Google Cloud Computing University Initiative">Computing University Initiative</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Contact_Lens" title="Google Contact Lens">Contact Lens</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a></li>

<li><i><a href="CrossCheck_(project)" title="CrossCheck (project)">CrossCheck</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Data_Liberation_Front" title="Google Data Liberation Front">Data Liberation Front</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Data_Transfer_Project" title="Data Transfer Project">Data Transfer Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Developer_Expert" title="Google Developer Expert">Developer Expert</a></li>

<li><a href="DigiKavach" title="DigiKavach">DigiKavach</a></li>

<li><i><a href="DigiPivot" title="DigiPivot">DigiPivot</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Digital_Garage" title="Google Digital Garage">Digital Garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_News_Initiative" title="Digital News Initiative">Digital News Initiative</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Digital_Unlocked" title="Digital Unlocked">Digital Unlocked</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Founders'_Award" title="Google Founders' Award">Founders' Award</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Get_Your_Business_Online" title="Google Get Your Business Online">Get Your Business Online</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_for_Education" title="Google for Education">Google for Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_for_Startups" title="Google for Startups">Google for Startups</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Living_Stories" title="Living Stories">Living Stories</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_PowerMeter" title="Google PowerMeter">PowerMeter</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_Sandbox" title="Privacy Sandbox">Privacy Sandbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Nightingale" title="Project Nightingale">Project Nightingale</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Nimbus" title="Project Nimbus">Project Nimbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Sunroof" title="Project Sunroof">Project Sunroof</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Zero" title="Project Zero">Project Zero</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Artificial_Intelligence_Lab" title="Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab">Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensorvault" title="Sensorvault">Sensorvault</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Silicon_Initiative" title="Google Silicon Initiative">Silicon Initiative</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Solve_for_X" title="Solve for X">Solve for X</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Street_View_Trusted" title="Street View Trusted">Street View Trusted</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Student_Ambassador_Program" title="Google Student Ambassador Program">Student Ambassador Program</a></i></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_BrandConnect" title="YouTube BrandConnect">YouTube BrandConnect</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Creator_Awards" title="YouTube Creator Awards">YouTube Creator Awards</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Select" title="YouTube Select">YouTube Select</a></li>

<li><i><a href="YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative" title="YouTube Original Channel Initiative">YouTube Original Channel Initiative</a></i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Year_in_Search_top_searches" title="List of Year in Search top searches">Year in Search</a></li>

<li><i><a href="YouTube_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind">YouTube Rewind</a></i>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui" title="AlphaGo versus Fan Hui">AlphaGo versus Fan Hui</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie" title="AlphaGo versus Ke Jie">AlphaGo versus Ke Jie</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Android Developer Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Day" title="Android Developer Day">Android Developer Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Android Developer Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates" title="CNN/YouTube presidential debates">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Developer_Day" title="Google Developer Day">Developer Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Developers_Live" title="Google Developers Live">Developers Live</a></li>

<li><a href="Doodle4Google" title="Doodle4Google">Doodle4Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Go_Summit" title="Future of Go Summit">Future of Go Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Lunar X Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Mapathon" title="Google Mapathon">Mapathon</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Science_Fair" title="Google Science Fair">Science Fair</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Chess Championship 2024">World Chess Championship 2024</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Awards" title="YouTube Awards">YouTube Awards</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Comedy_Week" title="YouTube Comedy Week">YouTube Comedy Week</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Live" title="YouTube Live">YouTube Live</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Music_Awards" title="YouTube Music Awards">YouTube Music Awards</a>

<li><a href="YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">YouTube Space Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra" title="YouTube Symphony Orchestra">YouTube Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="111_Eighth_Avenue" title="111 Eighth Avenue">111 Eighth Avenue</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Android lawn statues</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_barges" title="Google barges">Barges</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Binoculars_Building" title="Binoculars Building">Binoculars Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Saint_Giles" title="Central Saint Giles">Central Saint Giles</a></li>

<li><a href="Chelsea_Market" title="Chelsea Market">Chelsea Market</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Chrome_Zone" title="Chrome Zone">Chrome Zone</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_data_centers" title="Google data centers">Data centers</a></li>

<li><a href="GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility" title="Ivanpah Solar Power Facility">Ivanpah Solar Power Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="James_R._Thompson_Center" title="James R. Thompson Center">James R. Thompson Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_King's_Cross" title="Google King's Cross">King's Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayfield_Mall" title="Mayfield Mall">Mayfield Mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidewalk_Toronto" title="Sidewalk Toronto">Sidewalk Toronto</a></li>

<li><a href="St._John's_Terminal" title="St. John's Terminal">St. John's Terminal</a></li>

<li>Submarine cables

<ul><li><a href="Dunant_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Dunant (submarine communications cable)">Dunant</a></li>

<li><a href="Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Unity_(cable_system)" title="Unity (cable system)">Unity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Space" title="YouTube Space">YouTube Space</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Theater" title="YouTube Theater">YouTube Theater</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Krishna_Bharat" title="Krishna Bharat">Krishna Bharat</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanjay_Ghemawat" title="Sanjay Ghemawat">Sanjay Ghemawat</a></li>

<li><a href="John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a></li>

<li><a href="Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li>

<li><a href="Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Mulally" title="Alan Mulally">Alan Mulally</a></li>

<li><a href="Rick_Osterloh" title="Rick Osterloh">Rick Osterloh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a> (CEO)</li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a> (CFO)</li>

<li><a href="Rajen_Sheth" title="Rajen Sheth">Rajen Sheth</a></li>

<li><a href="Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Hal Varian</a></li>

<li><a href="Neal_Mohan" title="Neal Mohan">Neal Mohan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li>

<li><a href="Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> (co-founder)</li>

<li><a href="David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li>

<li><a href="Matt_Cutts" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Drummond_(businessman)" title="David Drummond (businessman)">David Drummond</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Eustace" title="Alan Eustace">Alan Eustace</a></li>

<li><a href="Timnit_Gebru" title="Timnit Gebru">Timnit Gebru</a></li>

<li><a href="Omid_Kordestani" title="Omid Kordestani">Omid Kordestani</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a></li>

<li><a href="Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> (co-founder)</li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Pichette" title="Patrick Pichette">Patrick Pichette</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a></li>

<li><a href="Amit_Singhal" title="Amit Singhal">Amit Singhal</a></li>

<li><a href="Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></li>

<li><a href="Rachel_Whetstone" title="Rachel Whetstone">Rachel Whetstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="DeGoogle" title="DeGoogle">DeGoogle</a></li>

<li><a href="FairSearch" title="FairSearch">FairSearch</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Google's_Ideological_Echo_Chamber" title="Google's Ideological Echo Chamber">Google's Ideological Echo Chamber</a>"</li>

<li><a href="No_Tech_for_Apartheid" title="No Tech for Apartheid">No Tech for Apartheid</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy_concerns_with_Google" title="Privacy concerns with Google">Privacy concerns</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns" title="Google Street View privacy concerns">Street View</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_and_privacy" title="YouTube and privacy">YouTube</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_and_trade_unions" title="Google and trade unions">Trade unions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alphabet_Workers_Union" title="Alphabet Workers Union">Alphabet Workers Union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">YouTube copyright issues</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy" title="2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy">Backdoor advertisement controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany" title="Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany">Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Google_data_breach" title="2018 Google data breach">Data breach</a></li>

<li><a href="Elsagate" title="Elsagate">Elsagate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantastic_Adventures_scandal" title="Fantastic Adventures scandal">Fantastic Adventures scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_Kohistan_video_case" title="2012 Kohistan video case">Kohistan video case</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Reactions to Innocence of Muslims">Reactions to <i>Innocence of Muslims</i></a></li>

<li><a href="San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests" title="San Francisco tech bus protests">San Francisco tech bus protests</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_services_outages" title="Google services outages">Services outages</a></li>

<li><a href="2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident" title="2011 Slovenian YouTube incident">Slovenian government incident</a></li>

<li><a href="2018_Google_walkouts" title="2018 Google walkouts">Walkouts</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_headquarters_shooting" title="YouTube headquarters shooting">YouTube headquarters shooting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Android apps</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Google_April_Fools'_Day_jokes" title="List of Google April Fools' Day jokes">April Fools' Day jokes</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Doodles</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Doodle_Champion_Island_Games" title="Doodle Champion Island Games">Doodle Champion Island Games</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Magic_Cat_Academy" title="Magic Cat Academy">Magic Cat Academy</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Google_Easter_eggs" title="List of Google Easter eggs">Easter eggs</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Google" title="History of Google">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Gmail" title="History of Gmail">Gmail</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Google_Search" title="Timeline of Google Search">Search</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Development460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Development</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accelerated_Linear_Algebra" title="Accelerated Linear Algebra">Accelerated Linear Algebra</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Actions_on_Google" title="Actions on Google">Actions on Google</a></i></li>

<li><a href="American_Fuzzy_Lop_(software)" title="American Fuzzy Lop (software)">American Fuzzy Lop</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging" title="Android Cloud to Device Messaging">Android Cloud to Device Messaging</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Android NDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Android SDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a></li>

<li><i><a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Beam" title="Apache Beam">Apache Beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">App Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">App Inventor</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_App_Maker" title="Google App Maker">App Maker</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome" title="Google App Runtime for Chrome">App Runtime for Chrome</a></li>

<li><i><a href="AppJet" title="AppJet">AppJet</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Apps_Script" title="Google Apps Script">Apps Script</a></li>

<li><a href="AppSheet" title="AppSheet">AppSheet</a></li>

<li><a href="ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li>

<li><a href="Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Bazel</a></li>

<li><a href="BeyondCorp" title="BeyondCorp">BeyondCorp</a></li>

<li><a href="Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a></li>

<li><a href="BigQuery" title="BigQuery">BigQuery</a></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockly" title="Blockly">Blockly</a></li>

<li><a href="Cameyo" title="Cameyo">Cameyo</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Chart_API" title="Google Chart API">Chart API</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Charts" title="Google Charts">Charts</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Chrome_Frame" title="Google Chrome Frame">Chrome Frame</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure Tools</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Cloud_Connect" title="Google Cloud Connect">Cloud Connect</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cloud_Dataflow" title="Google Cloud Dataflow">Cloud Dataflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cloud_Datastore" title="Google Cloud Datastore">Cloud Datastore</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Cloud Messaging</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cloud_Shell" title="Google Cloud Shell">Cloud Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cloud_Storage" title="Google Cloud Storage">Cloud Storage</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Code_Search" title="Google Code Search">Code Search</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Compute_Engine" title="Google Compute Engine">Compute Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cpplint" title="Cpplint">Cpplint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Data_Protocol" title="Google Data Protocol">Data Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialogflow" title="Dialogflow">Dialogflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_Notification" title="Exposure Notification">Exposure Notification</a></li>

<li><a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_Learning_of_Cohorts" title="Federated Learning of Cohorts">Federated Learning of Cohorts</a></li>

<li><a href="Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a></li>

<li><a href="Firebase_Studio" title="Firebase Studio">Firebase Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Firebase Cloud Messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="FlatBuffers" title="FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers</a></li>

<li><a href="Flutter_(software)" title="Flutter (software)">Flutter</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Gadgets" title="Google Gadgets">Gadgets</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Gerrit_(software)" title="Gerrit (software)">Gerrit</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Guava" title="Google Guava">Guava</a></li>

<li><a href="Guetzli" title="Guetzli">Guetzli</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Guice" title="Google Guice">Guice</a></li>

<li><a href="GVisor" title="GVisor">gVisor</a></li>

<li><a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">Keyhole Markup Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Kythe" title="Google Kythe">Kythe</a></li>

<li><a href="LevelDB" title="LevelDB">LevelDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Lighthouse_(software)" title="Lighthouse (software)">Lighthouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Looker_Studio" title="Looker Studio">Looker Studio</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Lmctfy" title="Lmctfy">lmctfy</a></i></li>

<li><a href="MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Mashup_Editor" title="Google Mashup Editor">Mashup Editor</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Mobile Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Namebench" title="Namebench">Namebench</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">Native Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Neatx" title="Neatx">Neatx</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Neural_Machine_Translation" title="Google Neural Machine Translation">Neural Machine Translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomulus" title="Nomulus">Nomulus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">Open Location Code</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine">OpenRefine</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Optimize" title="Google Optimize">Optimize</a></i></li>

<li><a href="OR-Tools" title="OR-Tools">OR-Tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_PageSpeed_Tools" title="Google PageSpeed Tools">PageSpeed</a></li>

<li><a href="Piper_(source_control_system)" title="Piper (source control system)">Piper</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Plugin_for_Eclipse" title="Google Plugin for Eclipse">Plugin for Eclipse</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_(library)" title="Polymer (library)">Polymer</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Programmable_Search_Engine" title="Google Programmable Search Engine">Programmable Search Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project Shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Public DNS</a></li>

<li><a href="ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">reCAPTCHA</a></li>

<li><i><a href="RenderScript" title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></i></li>

<li><a href="SafetyNet" class="mw-redirect" title="SafetyNet">SafetyNet</a></li>

<li><i><a href="SageTV" title="SageTV">SageTV</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Search_Console" title="Google Search Console">Search Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Shell" title="Google Shell">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitemaps" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a></li>

<li><a href="Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia Graphics Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanner_(database)" title="Spanner (database)">Spanner</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sputnik_(JavaScript_conformance_test)" title="Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)">Sputnik</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Stackdriver" title="Stackdriver">Stackdriver</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Swiffy" title="Google Swiffy">Swiffy</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tango_(platform)" title="Tango (platform)">Tango</a></i></li>

<li><a href="TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Translator_Toolkit" title="Google Translator Toolkit">Translator Toolkit</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Urchin_(software)" title="Urchin (software)">Urchin</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="UTM_parameters" title="UTM parameters">UTM parameters</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VirusTotal" title="VirusTotal">VirusTotal</a></li>

<li><a href="VisBug" title="VisBug">VisBug</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">Wave Federation Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Weave_(protocol)" title="Weave (protocol)">Weave</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Web Accelerator</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Designer" title="Google Web Designer">Web Designer</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server">Web Server</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Web Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="Webdriver_Torso" title="Webdriver Torso">Webdriver Torso</a></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>

<ul><li><a href="Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_version_history" title="Android version history">version history</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">smartphones</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Android_Go_products" title="Comparison of Android Go products">devices</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Android_TV" title="Android TV">Android TV</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

<li><a href="ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li>

<li><a href="ChromeOS_Flex" title="ChromeOS Flex">ChromeOS Flex</a></li>

<li><a href="ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Glass_OS" title="Glass OS">Glass OS</a></i></li>

<li><a href="GLinux" title="GLinux">gLinux</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Goobuntu" title="Goobuntu">Goobuntu</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machine learning models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla</a></li>

<li><a href="DreamBooth" title="DreamBooth">DreamBooth</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" title="Imagen (text-to-image model)">Imagen</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li>

<li><a href="Veo_(text-to-video_model)" title="Veo (text-to-video model)">Veo (text-to-video model)</a></li>

<li><a href="VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a></li>

<li><i><a href="XLNet" title="XLNet">XLNet</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neural networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="EfficientNet" title="EfficientNet">EfficientNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Inception_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Inception (deep learning architecture)">Inception</a></li>

<li><a href="MobileNet" title="MobileNet">MobileNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AlphaDev" title="AlphaDev">AlphaDev</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaGeometry" title="AlphaGeometry">AlphaGeometry</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaGo_Zero" title="AlphaGo Zero">AlphaGo Zero</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaStar_(software)" title="AlphaStar (software)">AlphaStar</a></li>

<li><a href="AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_(software)" title="Master (software)">Master</a></li>

<li><a href="MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats and codecs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Libvpx" title="Libvpx">libvpx</a></li>

<li><a href="Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra_HDR" title="Ultra HDR">Ultra HDR</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Search algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Googlebot" title="Googlebot">Googlebot</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Hummingbird" title="Google Hummingbird">Hummingbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobilegeddon" title="Mobilegeddon">Mobilegeddon</a></li>

<li><a href="PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_matrix" title="Google matrix">matrix</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Panda" title="Google Panda">Panda</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Penguin" title="Google Penguin">Penguin</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Pigeon" title="Google Pigeon">Pigeon</a></li>

<li><a href="RankBrain" title="RankBrain">RankBrain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domain names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href=".google" title=".google">.google</a></li>

<li><a href="Google.by" title="Google.by">google.by</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typefaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Croscore_fonts" title="Croscore fonts">Croscore</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_Sans" title="Product Sans">Product Sans</a></li>

<li><a href="Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">Software</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Aardvark_(search_engine)" title="Aardvark (search engine)">Aardvark</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Account" title="Google Account">Account</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Dashboard" title="Google Dashboard">Dashboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Takeout" title="Google Takeout">Takeout</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Ad_Manager" title="Google Ad Manager">Ad Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_AdSense" title="Google AdSense">AdSense</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Affiliate_Network" title="Google Affiliate Network">Affiliate Network</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Alerts" title="Google Alerts">Alerts</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Auto" title="Android Auto">Android Auto</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Android_Beam" title="Android Beam">Android Beam</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Answers" title="Google Answers">Answers</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apture" title="Apture">Apture</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Assistant</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Attribution" title="Google Attribution">Attribution</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Authenticator" title="Google Authenticator">Authenticator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="BebaPay" title="BebaPay">BebaPay</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="BeatThatQuote.com" title="BeatThatQuote.com">BeatThatQuote.com</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Blog_Search" title="Google Blog Search">Blog Search</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Bookmarks" title="Google Bookmarks">Bookmarks</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer" title="Google Books Ngram Viewer">Ngram Viewer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Browser_Sync" title="Google Browser Sync">Browser Sync</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Building_Maker" title="Google Building Maker">Building Maker</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="BumpTop" title="BumpTop">BumpTop</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Catalogs" title="Google Catalogs">Catalogs</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Chrome_App" title="Google Chrome App">Chrome Apps</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Chrome_Experiments" title="Google Chrome Experiments">Chrome Experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrome_Remote_Desktop" title="Chrome Remote Desktop">Chrome Remote Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Classroom" title="Google Classroom">Classroom</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Cloud_Print" title="Google Cloud Print">Cloud Print</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cloud_Search" title="Google Cloud Search">Cloud Search</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Contacts" title="Google Contacts">Contacts</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Contributor" title="Google Contributor">Contributor</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Crowdsource_(app)" title="Crowdsource (app)">Crowdsource</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Currents</a></i> (social app)</li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Currents_(news_app)" title="Google Currents (news app)">Currents</a></i> (news app)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_Commons" title="Data Commons">Data Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Dataset_Search" title="Google Dataset Search">Dataset Search</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Dictionary" title="Google Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Wellbeing" title="Digital Wellbeing">Digital Wellbeing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dinosaur_Game" title="Dinosaur Game">Dinosaur Game</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Directory" title="Google Directory">Directory</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Docs_Editors" title="Google Docs Editors">Docs Editors</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Domains</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Drawings" title="Google Drawings">Drawings</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Etherpad" title="Etherpad">Etherpad</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Expeditions" title="Google Expeditions">Expeditions</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Express" title="Google Express">Express</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Family_Link" title="Google Family Link">Family Link</a></li>

<li><a href="FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Fflick" title="Fflick">fflick</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Fi_Wireless" title="Google Fi Wireless">Fi Wireless</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a></li>

<li><a href="Files_(Google)" title="Files (Google)">Files</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Flights" title="Google Flights">Flights</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Flu_Trends" title="Google Flu Trends">Flu Trends</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Fonts" title="Google Fonts">Fonts</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Forms" title="Google Forms">Forms</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Friend_Connect" title="Google Friend Connect">Friend Connect</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Fusion_Tables" title="Google Fusion Tables">Fusion Tables</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">G</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gboard" title="Gboard">Gboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Gesture_Search" title="Google Gesture Search">Gesture Search</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Gizmo5" title="Gizmo5">Gizmo5</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Goggles" title="Google Goggles">Goggles</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Grasshopper_(mobile_app)" title="Grasshopper (mobile app)">Grasshopper</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">H</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Hangouts</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Helpouts" title="Google Helpouts">Helpouts</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="IGoogle" title="IGoogle">iGoogle</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Images" title="Google Images">Images</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Image_Labeler" title="Google Image Labeler">Image Labeler</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Image_Swirl" title="Google Image Swirl">Image Swirl</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Inbox_by_Gmail" title="Inbox by Gmail">Inbox by Gmail</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Input_Tools" title="Google Input Tools">Input Tools</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Japanese_Input" title="Google Japanese Input">Japanese Input</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Pinyin</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Insights for Search</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">J</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Jamboard" title="Jamboard">Jamboard</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kaggle" title="Kaggle">Kaggle</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Latitude</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Live_Transcribe" title="Live Transcribe">Live Transcribe</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Lively" title="Google Lively">Lively</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Map_Maker" title="Google Map Maker">Map Maker</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Maps_Navigation" title="Google Maps Navigation">Maps Navigation</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Marketing_Platform" title="Google Marketing Platform">Marketing Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Messages</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Moderator" title="Google Moderator">Moderator</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="My_Tracks" title="My Tracks">My Tracks</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Nearby_Share" title="Nearby Share">Nearby Share</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_News_%26_Weather" title="Google News & Weather">News & Weather</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_News_Archive" title="Google News Archive">News Archive</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Notebook" title="Google Notebook">Notebook</a></i></li>

<li><a href="NotebookLM" title="NotebookLM">NotebookLM</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">O</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Offers" title="Google Offers">Offers</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Opinion_Rewards" title="Google Opinion Rewards">Opinion Rewards</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="PaperofRecord.com" title="PaperofRecord.com">PaperofRecord.com</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Patents</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Page_Creator" title="Google Page Creator">Page Creator</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Pay_(mobile_app)" title="Google Pay (mobile app)">Pay</a></i> (mobile app)</li>

<li><a href="Google_Pay_(payment_method)" title="Google Pay (payment method)">Pay</a> (payment method)</li>

<li><a href="People_Cards" title="People Cards">People Cards</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Person_Finder" title="Google Person Finder">Person Finder</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Personalized_Search" title="Google Personalized Search">Personalized Search</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Photomath" title="Photomath">Photomath</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Photos</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Picasa_Web_Albums" title="Picasa Web Albums">Picasa Web Albums</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Picnik" title="Picnik">Picnik</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Camera" title="Pixel Camera">Pixel Camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Play Books</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Play_Games" title="Google Play Games">Play Games</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Play Music</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Play_Newsstand" title="Google Play Newsstand">Play Newsstand</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Play Services</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Podcasts" title="Google Podcasts">Podcasts</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Postini" title="Postini">Postini</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="PostRank" title="PostRank">PostRank</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Primer" title="Google Primer">Primer</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Public_Alerts" title="Google Public Alerts">Public Alerts</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Public_Data_Explorer" title="Google Public Data Explorer">Public Data Explorer</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Q</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Question_Hub" title="Google Question Hub">Question Hub</a></li>

<li><a href="Quick%2C_Draw!" title="Quick, Draw!">Quick, Draw!</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Quick_Search_Box" title="Google Quick Search Box">Quick Search Box</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Quick_Share" title="Quick Share">Quick Share</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Quickoffice" title="Quickoffice">Quickoffice</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">R</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Read_Along" title="Read Along">Read Along</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Reader</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Reply_(Google)" title="Reply (Google)">Reply</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Safe_Browsing" title="Google Safe Browsing">Safe Browsing</a></li>

<li><a href="SageTV" title="SageTV">SageTV</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Santa Tracker</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Schemer" title="Google Schemer">Schemer</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a>

<ul><li><a href="AI_Overviews" title="AI Overviews">AI Overviews</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Graph_(Google)" title="Knowledge Graph (Google)">Knowledge Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="SafeSearch" title="SafeSearch">SafeSearch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_SearchWiki" title="Google SearchWiki">Searchwiki</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Sheets" title="Google Sheets">Sheets</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Shoploop" title="Shoploop">Shoploop</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Shopping</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Sidewiki" title="Google Sidewiki">Sidewiki</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Slides" title="Google Slides">Slides</a></li>

<li><a href="Snapseed" title="Snapseed">Snapseed</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Socratic_(Google)" title="Socratic (Google)">Socratic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Softcard" title="Softcard">Softcard</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Songza" title="Songza">Songza</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Sound_Amplifier" title="Sound Amplifier">Sound Amplifier</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Spaces" title="Google Spaces">Spaces</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Sparrow_(chatbot)" title="Sparrow (chatbot)">Sparrow</a> (chatbot)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sparrow_(email_client)" title="Sparrow (email client)">Sparrow</a></i> (email client)</li>

<li><a href="Speech_Recognition_%26_Synthesis" title="Speech Recognition & Synthesis">Speech Recognition & Synthesis</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Squared" title="Google Squared">Squared</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Stadia" title="Google Stadia">Stadia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Station" title="Google Station">Station</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Store" title="Google Store">Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Surveys" title="Google Surveys">Surveys</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">T</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Tables_(Google)" title="Tables (Google)">Tables</a></i></li>

<li><a href="TalkBack" title="TalkBack">TalkBack</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Tasks" title="Google Tasks">Tasks</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenor_(website)" title="Tenor (website)">Tenor</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Tilt_Brush" title="Tilt Brush">Tilt Brush</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Toontastic_3D" title="Toontastic 3D">Toontastic 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Translate</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Travel" title="Google Travel">Travel</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Trendalyzer" title="Trendalyzer">Trendalyzer</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Trends</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">U</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_URL_Shortener" title="Google URL Shortener">URL Shortener</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">V</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Video" title="Google Video">Video</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Voice</a></li>

<li><a href="Voice_Access" title="Voice Access">Voice Access</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Voice_Search" title="Google Voice Search">Voice Search</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">W</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Wallet" title="Google Wallet">Wallet</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Web_Light" title="Google Web Light">Web Light</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Where_Is_My_Train" title="Where Is My Train">Where Is My Train</a></li>

<li><a href="Widevine" title="Widevine">Widevine</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Workspace_Marketplace" title="Google Workspace Marketplace">Workspace Marketplace</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Y</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">YouTube Kids</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">YouTube Premium</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Shorts" title="YouTube Shorts">YouTube Shorts</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Studio" title="YouTube Studio">YouTube Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_VR" title="YouTube VR">YouTube VR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hardware460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hardware</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_Google_Pixel_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">Pixel 2</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_3" title="Pixel 3">Pixel 3</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">Pixel 3a</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">Pixel 4</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">Pixel 4a</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">Pixel 5</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">Pixel 5a</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">Pixel 6</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">Pixel 6a</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">Pixel 7</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_7a" title="Pixel 7a">Pixel 7a</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Fold" title="Pixel Fold">Pixel Fold</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">Pixel 8</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_8a" title="Pixel 8a">Pixel 8a</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_9" title="Pixel 9">Pixel 9</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_9_Pro_Fold" title="Pixel 9 Pro Fold">Pixel 9 Pro Fold</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_9a" title="Pixel 9a">Pixel 9a</a> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smartwatches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pixel_Watch" title="Pixel Watch">Pixel Watch</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Watch_2" title="Pixel Watch 2">Pixel Watch 2</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Watch_3" title="Pixel Watch 3">Pixel Watch 3</a> (2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tablets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pixel_C" title="Pixel C">Pixel C</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Slate" title="Pixel Slate">Pixel Slate</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Pixel Tablet</a> (2023)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chromebook_Pixel" title="Chromebook Pixel">Chromebook Pixel</a> (2013–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Pixelbook" title="Pixelbook">Pixelbook</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Pixelbook_Go" title="Pixelbook Go">Pixelbook Go</a> (2019)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pixel_Buds" title="Pixel Buds">Pixel Buds</a> (2017–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a> (2011)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">Nexus 5</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">Nexus 6</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">Nexus 5X</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">Nexus 6P</a> (2015)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_tablets" title="Comparison of Google Nexus tablets">Tablets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">Nexus 7</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_7_(2013)" title="Nexus 7 (2013)">Nexus 7</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">Nexus 9</a> (2014)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nexus_Q" title="Nexus Q">Nexus Q</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Nexus Player</a> (2014)</li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Android_Dev_Phone" title="Android Dev Phone">Android Dev Phone</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chromebit" title="Chromebit">Chromebit</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromebox" title="Chromebox">Chromebox</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Clips" title="Google Clips">Clips</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Fitbit_products" title="List of Fitbit products">Fitbit</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Liftware" title="Liftware">Liftware</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_Galaxy" title="Liquid Galaxy">Liquid Galaxy</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Nest_(smart_speakers)" title="Google Nest (smart speakers)">smart speakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Nest_Thermostat" title="Nest Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play Edition</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Project_Ara" title="Project Ara">Project Ara</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_OnHub" title="Google OnHub">OnHub</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pixel_Visual_Core" title="Pixel Visual Core">Pixel Visual Core</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Search_Appliance" title="Google Search Appliance">Search Appliance</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Sycamore_processor" title="Sycamore processor">Sycamore processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Tensor" title="Google Tensor">Tensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Titan_Security_Key" title="Titan Security Key">Titan Security Key</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Feldman_v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Goddard_v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li>

<li><i><a href="Google%2C_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory%2C_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li>

<li><i><a href="High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a></i> (2011)</li>

<li><i><a href="Umar_Javeed%2C_Sukarma_Thapar%2C_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a></i> (2019)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2020)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br>property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Perfect_10%2C_Inc._v._Amazon.com%2C_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li>

<li><i><a href="Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube%2C_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i>(2015)</li>

<li><i><a href="Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li>

<li><i><a href="Field_v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2016)</li>

<li><i><a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li>

<li><i><a href="Hibnick_v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li>

<li><i><a href="United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google's_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Joffe_v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a></i> (2013)</li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a></i> (2014)</li>

<li><i><a href="Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Garcia_v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li>

<li><i><a href="Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a></i> (2020)</li>

<li><i><a href="Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2021)</li>

<li><i><a href="Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beauty_YouTuber" title="Beauty YouTuber">Beauty YouTuber</a></li>

<li><a href="BookTube" title="BookTube">BookTube</a></li>

<li><a href="BreadTube" title="BreadTube">BreadTube</a></li>

<li><a href="Gayglers" title="Gayglers">Gayglers</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_(verb)" title="Google (verb)"><i>Google</i> as a verb</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_bombing" title="Google bombing">Google bombing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Political_Google_bombs_in_the_2004_U.S._presidential_election" title="Political Google bombs in the 2004 U.S. presidential election">2004 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_effect" title="Google effect">Google effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Googlefight" title="Googlefight">Googlefight</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_hacking" title="Google hacking">Google hacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Googleshare" title="Googleshare">Googleshare</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_tax" title="Google tax">Google tax</a></li>

<li><a href="Googlewhack" title="Googlewhack">Googlewhack</a></li>

<li><a href="Googlization" title="Googlization">Googlization</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_flower_tribute" title="Illegal flower tribute">Illegal flower tribute</a></li>

<li><a href="Objectives_and_key_results" title="Objectives and key results">Objectives and key results</a></li>

<li><a href="Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></li>

<li><a href="Search_engine_manipulation_effect" title="Search engine manipulation effect">Search engine manipulation effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Side_project_time" title="Side project time">Side project time</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitelink" title="Sitelink">Sitelink</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="StudyTube" title="StudyTube">StudyTube</a></li>

<li><a href="VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop">YouTube Poop</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Android</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Software development</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Street_View_coverage" title="Google Street View coverage">Street View coverage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Africa" title="Google Street View in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Antarctica" title="Google Street View in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Israel" title="Google Street View in Israel">Israel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Europe" title="Google Street View in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_North_America" title="Google Street View in North America">North America</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Canada" title="Google Street View in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_the_United_States" title="Google Street View in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Oceania" title="Google Street View in Oceania">Oceania</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_South_America" title="Google Street View in South America">South America</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Argentina" title="Google Street View in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Chile" title="Google Street View in Chile">Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Street_View_in_Colombia" title="Google Street View in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">YouTube</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="YouTube_copyright_strike" title="YouTube copyright strike">Copyright strike</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_in_education" title="YouTube in education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_YouTube_features" title="List of YouTube features">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_moderation" title="YouTube moderation">Moderation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-disliked YouTube videos">Most-disliked videos</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-liked YouTube videos">Most-liked videos</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-subscribed YouTube channels">Most-subscribed channels</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-viewed YouTube channels">Most-viewed channels</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed YouTube videos">Most-viewed videos</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_most-viewed_Arabic_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed Arabic music videos on YouTube">Arabic music videos</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-viewed_Chinese_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed Chinese music videos on YouTube">Chinese music videos</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-viewed_French_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed French music videos on YouTube">French music videos</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-viewed_Indian_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Indian YouTube videos">Indian videos</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-viewed_Pakistani_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Pakistani YouTube videos">Pakistani videos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="YouTube_(YouTube_channel)" title="YouTube (YouTube channel)">Official channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming" title="List of YouTube Premium original programming">YouTube Premium original programming</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Gmail_interface" title="Gmail interface">Gmail interface</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications" title="List of most-downloaded Google Play applications">Most downloaded Google Play applications</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Stadia_games" title="List of Stadia games">Stadia games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="AlphaGo_(film)" title="AlphaGo (film)">AlphaGo</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Behind_the_Screen" title="Google Behind the Screen">Google: Behind the Screen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Maps_Road_Trip" title="Google Maps Road Trip">Google Maps Road Trip</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_and_the_World_Brain" title="Google and the World Brain">Google and the World Brain</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Creepy_Line" title="The Creepy Line">The Creepy Line</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Hacks" title="Google Hacks">Google Hacks</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Google_Story" title="The Google Story">The Google Story</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Volume_One" title="Google Volume One">Google Volume One</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Googled%3A_The_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It" title="Googled: The End of the World as We Know It">Googled: The End of the World as We Know It</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="How_Google_Works" title="How Google Works">How Google Works</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="I'm_Feeling_Lucky_(book)" title="I'm Feeling Lucky (book)">I'm Feeling Lucky</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Google_Book" title="The Google Book">The Google Book</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_MANIAC" title="The MANIAC">The MANIAC</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Google_Feud" title="Google Feud">Google Feud</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Google_Me_(film)" title="Google Me (film)">Google Me</a></i> (film)</li>

<li>"<a href="Google_Me_(Kim_Zolciak_song)" title="Google Me (Kim Zolciak song)">Google Me</a>" (Kim Zolciak song)</li>

<li>"<a href="Google_Me_(Teyana_Taylor_song)" title="Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)">Google Me</a>" (Teyana Taylor song)</li>

<li><i><a href="Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F" title="Is Google Making Us Stupid?">Is Google Making Us Stupid?</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Proceratium_google" title="Proceratium google">Proceratium google</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Matt_Nathanson%3A_Live_at_Google" title="Matt Nathanson: Live at Google">Matt Nathanson: Live at Google</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Billion_Dollar_Code" title="The Billion Dollar Code">The Billion Dollar Code</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Internship" title="The Internship">The Internship</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Where_on_Google_Earth_is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F" title="Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?">Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li>"<a href="Attention_Is_All_You_Need" title="Attention Is All You Need">Attention Is All You Need</a>"</li>

<li><a href="ElgooG" title="ElgooG">elgooG</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Predictions_of_the_end_of_Google" title="Predictions of the end of Google">Predictions of the end</a></li>

<li><a href="Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Relationship with Wikipedia</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Reunion_(advertisement)" title="Reunion (advertisement)">Reunion</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Robot_Constitution" title="Robot Constitution">Robot Constitution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> denote <a href="List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services" title="List of Google products">discontinued products</a>.

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_Google" title="Outline of Google">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Google_File_System&oldid=1297296065">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>